From a nutritional point of view, the lactation cycle is divided into 3 periods: 1 Dry period 2 Early lactation 3 Mid- and late lactation. With a calving interval of…

Generally, the pre-weaning period is the most critical time of an animals' life, usually expensive due to the high costs of milk and high quality concentrates. Calves require a lot…

Introduction; The impression might be given that feeding should be adjusted according to daily requirements for maintenance and production . However, a cow does not divide nutrients on daily basis…

The required nutrients must be available in the quantity of DM an animal is able to consume within 24 hours. If not, a ration is not considered balanced. In practice,…

The purpose of ration formulation is to provide an animal of nutrients for maintenance and (desired) production. A balanced ration formulates proportions and quantities of nutrients to properly nourish an…

Introduction It is difficult to compare different animals, and animals of different ages, with each other with regard to feeding and grazing. To make comparison possible, different types of livestock…

Nutritional needs vary depending on the needs of the animal for health and the life stages of maintenance, conception and gestation, lactation, and growth and de- development. When a female…