The measurement of environmental factors in land, water, and air is essential for monitoring and managing environmental conditions, understanding ecosystem health, and addressing environmental challenges. Various instruments and techniques are used to measure these factors. Here’s an overview of some common environmental factors and the methods for their measurement: Land: Water: Air:
Poultry rations typically consist of a combination of various feedstuffs to provide the necessary nutrients for optimal growth, egg production (in layers), and overall health of the birds. Here is a general overview of common feedstuffs used in poultry rations and their composition: 1. Grains: Corn (Maize): High in energy (mainly carbohydrates), moderate in protein,…
This website provides the latest information about biology, zoology, with some key aspects of different lecture series I.e. animal diversity & classification: anatomy & physiology of animal kingdom: behavioral ecology & ornithology: evolutionary biology: biodiversity & conservation: physiology & biochemistry of animals: paleontology & fossil record: applied zoology, biotechnology education and research methodology. This website…
Simple Summary: The study aimed to detect the effects of alfalfa–sweet sorghum mixed silages on blood and rumen physiological status, and rumen microbiota of sheep. The results demonstrated that 60% inclusion of alfalfa in the alfalfa–sweet sorghum mixed silage appeared to be the best in improving serum antioxidant capacity, dry matter intake, rumen fermentation and…
A concentrate is usually described as a feed or feed mixture which supplies primary nutrients (protein, carbohydrate and fat) at higher level but contains less than 18% crude fibre (CF) with low moisture. In general, concentrates are feeds that are high in nitrogen free extract (NFE) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) and low in crude…
Microscope A microscope is a laboratory instrument use to examine objects that are too small to be seen with naked eye. Types of microscope Stereoscope (or stereo microscope) A stereo microscope on the other hand is generally used to inspect larger objects such as small mechanical pieces, minerals, insects and more. Compound microscope A compound…
The metabolism of water, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in poultry involves complex biochemical processes that contribute to the growth, maintenance, and overall health of the birds. Here’s an overview of how these macronutrients are metabolized in poultry: 1. Water Metabolism: Water Intake: Essential for various physiological processes, including digestion, nutrient absorption, and temperature regulation. Metabolic…
Temperature: Temperature is one of the important factors which affect almost all the metabolic activities of an organism. Every physiological process in an organism requires an optimum temperature at which it shows the maximum metabolic rate. Three limits of temperature can be recognized for any organism. Minimum temperature – Physiological activities are lowest. Optimum temperature – Physiological activities are…
Fodder refers to any agricultural food material, primarily composed of plants, that is used to feed livestock. Fodder can include various types of vegetation, such as grasses, legumes, cereals, and other plant materials, which are cultivated specifically for feeding animals. Fodder may be harvested as fresh green material or conserved as hay, silage, or dried…
1. Principle Dry matter is determined gravimetrically as the residue remaining after drying at 103 ºC in a ventilated oven. 2. Scope This procedure is applicable for determination of dry matter in feed ingredients, feeds and partially-dried (85% dry matter) forages with low volatile acid content. For whole grain, silage and high sugar feeds, use…
The digestion, metabolism, and absorption of nutrients in broilers (young chickens raised for meat production) are complex processes essential for growth, development, and overall health. Here’s an overview of how these processes occur in broilers: 1. Digestion: Mouth: The digestion process begins with mechanical breakdown as broilers peck, tear, and grind feed particles. Salivary enzymes…
The digestion, metabolism, and absorption of nutrients in broilers (young chickens raised for meat production) are complex processes essential for growth, development, and overall health. Here’s an overview of how these processes occur in broilers: 1. Digestion: Mouth: The digestion process begins with mechanical breakdown as broilers peck, tear, and grind feed particles. Salivary enzymes…
Mariculture refers to the cultivation of marine organisms in their natural habitats, usually for food production, restoration, or research purposes. This practice can involve various systems, including substrate systems and seawater ponds. Here’s a detailed overview of both: Substrate Systems in Mariculture Substrate systems: involve the use of artificial or natural surfaces on which marine…
The use of wastewater in aquaculture has garnered attention as a sustainable practice that can contribute to food security while addressing waste management issues. Here’s an overview of its key aspects: Benefits of Using Wastewater in Aquaculture 1. Nutrient Recycling: Wastewater often contains nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can be beneficial for the…
Sources and classification of nutrients and their functions Nutrients are substances that the body needs to function properly. They can be classified into several categories based on their chemical structure and functions. Here are the main categories of nutrients, along with their sources and functions: 1. Macronutrients: Carbohydrates: Sources: Grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes. Functions: Primary…
