The life cycle of arachnids is complex and varies across different orders within the class Arachnida, including spiders (Order: Araneae), scorpions (Order: Scorpiones), ticks (Order: Ixodida), and mites (Order: Acari). Below, I provide a detailed overview of the life cycle stages common to arachnids, focusing on general patterns as well as specific examples from spiders…
The life history of arachnids encompasses various stages from egg to adulthood, including specific behaviors and developmental processes that vary among different groups within this diverse class. Below is an overview of the life cycle and significant aspects of the life history of arachnids, particularly focusing on spiders (Order: Araneae) and scorpions (Order: Scorpiones), as…
The culture of algae, seaweeds, mollusks, and crustaceans plays a significant role in global aquaculture. Each of these groups has unique characteristics, cultivation techniques, and ecological benefits. Here’s an in-depth look at how they are cultured: 1. Algae Culture: Algae culture, also known as algaculture, involves the farming of microalgae (like spirulina and chlorella) and…
Young Stock Generally, the pre-weaning period is the most critical time of an animals’ life, usually expensive due to the high costs of milk and high quality concentrates. Calves require a lot of attention during this period. After weaning, rearing gets less critical, but calves should to no account be neglected. To allow animals to…
To make comparison possible, animals are converted to the same unit. This is called Livestock Unit (LU). One LU denotes the feed requirement of a standard animal of a certain live weight (usually 550 kg). With LU it is possible to compare feed needs for sheep, goats, calves and other animals with those of dairy…
Introduction. It is difficult to compare different animals, and animals of different ages, with each other with regard to feeding and grazing. To make comparison possible, different types of livestock are converted to the same unit. The feed intake capacity (DMI) depends on live weight, production level and quality of feed. The quantity is expressed…
Antennae are sensory organs found in arthropods, such as insects, crustaceans, and some myriapods. They play a critical role in sensing the environment and are used for detecting touch, smell, taste, vibration, and even humidity or temperature. Antennae are typically paired and located on the head of the organism. Structure of Antennae Segments: Antennae are…
Cephalization, sclerites, and their modifications are important aspects of the anatomy and evolution of arthropods, including arachnids and insects. These features play crucial roles in body organization, protection, and the specialized functions of various body parts. 1. Cephalization: Cephalization refers to the evolutionary trend in which sensory organs, nerve cells, and the brain become concentrated…
From a nutritional point of view, the lactation cycle is divided into 3 periods: 1 Dry period 2 Early lactation 3 Mid- and late lactation. With a calving interval of about one year, the first 3 months after calving the cow is not pregnant and has a “peak” production. Then, after 90 days, she should…
Generally, the pre-weaning period is the most critical time of an animals’ life, usually expensive due to the high costs of milk and high quality concentrates. Calves require a lot of attention during this period. After weaning, rearing gets less critical, but calves should to no account be neglected. To allow animals to produce to…
Introduction; The impression might be given that feeding should be adjusted according to daily requirements for maintenance and production . However, a cow does not divide nutrients on daily basis for maintenance and production as used in the ration formulation. Her production is much more a reflection of the overall feeding management during her whole…
The required nutrients must be available in the quantity of DM an animal is able to consume within 24 hours. If not, a ration is not considered balanced. In practice, the maximum DMI from roughage is not more than 2% of the body-weight. .Minimum Roughage Intake To avoid disturbances in functioning of the rumen, metabolic…
The purpose of ration formulation is to provide an animal of nutrients for maintenance and (desired) production. A balanced ration formulates proportions and quantities of nutrients to properly nourish an animal for 24 hours. The economic context is an extra dimension. Decision making is necessary to aim for maximum economic benefit, maximum physical production, or…
Introduction It is difficult to compare different animals, and animals of different ages, with each other with regard to feeding and grazing. To make comparison possible, different types of livestock are converted to the same unit. The feed intake capacity (DMI) depends on live weight, production level and quality of feed. The quantity is expressed…
Nutritional needs vary depending on the needs of the animal for health and the life stages of maintenance, conception and gestation, lactation, and growth and de- development. When a female is in the gestational period, for example, nutritional needs are different than during lactation. Figure 3.1 demonstrates how the nutrient re- requirements of a mature…
