Introduction Expression of values are used to show the nutrient requirements and nutrient values in feedstuffs. The total value of a feedstuff in practical nutrition depends on the following factors: 1. Energy content carbohydrates, fats, proteins & digestibility 2. Protein content including NPN and aspects of degradability 3. Nutrient density (digestibility) and structure…
Introduction Cows are ruminants, as are goats, buffaloes, giraffes, camels and antelopes. Ruminants have the ability to digest large amounts of roughage containing high amounts of (crude) fibre and cell wall materials (cellulose, lignin). Their alimentary tract is specially adapted, and they have the following main characteristics: Absence of front teeth (incisors) in upper jaw,…
The history of taxonomy is a fascinating journey that traces the evolution of how scientists classify and name living organisms. It has evolved significantly over centuries as our understanding of biology and species relationships has deepened. Here is an overview of the major developments in the history of taxonomy: 1. Ancient Classifications • Aristotle (384-322…
1. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) o Aristotle was one of the earliest individuals to categorize living organisms based on their physical characteristics, dividing them into groups like animals with blood and animals without blood. 2. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) o Linnaeus is considered the “Father of Modern Taxonomy.” o He developed the binomial nomenclature system and a…
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the practice of cultivating aquatic organisms under controlled conditions for food production, commercial use, and environmental purposes. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of species like fish, shellfish, crustaceans, algae, and aquatic plants in freshwater, marine, and brackish environments. Aquaculture has evolved as a solution to meet the…
The diversification of insects into different evolutionary lines and their success in occupying diverse environments can be attributed to several key factors. These factors include their evolutionary adaptations, unique biological features, and environmental influences that have allowed them to thrive in nearly every ecosystem on Earth. 1. Splitting into Different Evolutionary Lines: The diversification of…
Preservation of arachnids is essential to maintain their structural integrity for scientific study and research. Different methods are used depending on the species, intended study type, and duration of preservation. Here are the most common techniques: 1. Alcohol Preservation • Method: Most arachnids are best preserved in 70-80% ethanol. o Use 95% ethanol initially if…
The collection process of arachnids involves various techniques depending on the specific species and habitat. Here are the main methods used to collect arachnids effectively: 1. Hand Collection • Method: Directly picking up arachnids using forceps, brushes, or even gloved hands. • Target Group: Large and easily visible arachnids like spiders and scorpions. • Best…
The systematic position of Arachnida within the animal kingdom can be described as follows: • Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) • Phylum: Arthropoda (Arthropods) o This phylum includes invertebrates with an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages. • Subphylum: Chelicerata o Chelicerata is characterized by the presence of chelicerae (specialized mouthparts) and includes animals that lack antennae….
Spiders (Order Araneae) Venomous Chelicerae (Fangs): Most spiders have venomous fangs for subduing prey. Web-Building Abilities: Many spiders produce intricate webs for capturing prey. 2/ Scorpions (Order Scorpiones) Pincers (Pedipalps): Scorpions have large, powerful pincers for grasping prey. Stinger: They possess a venomous stinger at the end of their segmented tail for defense and hunting….
