2025
ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF FOODS
Originally, the most extensive information about the composition of foods was based on a system of analysis described as the proximate analysis of foods, which was devised over 100 years ago by two German scientists, Henneberg and Stohmann. More recently, new analytical techniques have been introduced, and the information about food composition is rapidly expanding…
FORMULATION OF RATIONS,Required Minerals and Vitamins
These aspects are not considered in the formulation of a ration. However, minerals and vitamins can be included in the concentrates (2-3% when NaCl is provided ad lib), the amounts and composition depending on the calculated needs / deficiencies. When high amounts of concentrates are fed one may consider to add some extra concentrates to…
Water/ Dry Matter And Its Components in feed
The water content of the animal body varies with age. The newborn animal contains 750–800 g/kg water but this falls to about 500 g/kg in the mature fat animal. It is vital to the life of the organism that the water content of the body be maintained: an animal will die more rapidly if deprived…
The Value of Species
The Importance of Biodiversity Biodiversity, which encompasses genes, species, and ecosystems, provides society with a diverse range of goods and services that are essential for human well-being. These components of biodiversity—whether used directly, indirectly, or as potential resources—are often referred to as “biological resources” (McNeely et al., 1990; Reid & Miller, 1989; Wood, 1997). Direct…
Seawater intrusion
Seawater intrusion (SI) is an ecological problem caused by the encroachment and infiltration of salt water (typically brackish water or seawater) into freshwater surface and groundwater supplies in coastal areas. This intrusion can transform landscapes, reduce agricultural viability, and contaminate freshwater reserves. It is a growing issue in numerous coastal regions worldwide, including China’s Yangtze…
Invasive Species
An invasive species is any nonnative organism that significantly alters or disrupts the ecosystems it colonizes. While some species migrate naturally, human activities such as global commerce and the pet trade have become the primary means by which invasive plants, animals, microbes, and other organisms are transported to new habitats. Most introduced species fail to…
Overexploitation
Over the past 50 years, the natural world has undergone unprecedented change, leading to devastating consequences. Today, nearly one million species face extinction, threatening essential ecosystem services such as disease regulation and pollination. The primary drivers of biodiversity loss include land and sea use changes, overexploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution, and the introduction of…
Casuses and Deplation of Biodiversity
Biodiversity, the variety of life across genes, species, and ecosystems, is crucial for ecosystem stability and human well-being. Unfortunately, biodiversity is depleting at an alarming rate due to various natural and human-induced factors.Biodiversity loss refers to the decline in biological diversity within species, ecosystems, geographic regions, or the entire Earth. Biodiversity encompasses genetic variation, species…