The diversification of insects into different evolutionary lines and their success in occupying diverse environments can be attributed to several key factors. These factors include their evolutionary adaptations, unique biological features, and environmental influences that have allowed them to thrive in nearly every ecosystem on Earth. 1. Splitting into Different Evolutionary Lines: The diversification of…
1. Principle Gross energy is measured by combustion of a sample in an excess of oxygen in a bomb calorimeter under standardized conditions. The gross calorific value is calculated from the temperature rise of the water in the calorimeter vessel and the mean effective heat capacity of the calorimeter. 2. Scope This method is applicable…
1. Principle A water extract from silage is acidified and centrifuged. The alcohols and volatile fatty acids (VFA) are separated in the chromatography column depending on their molecular weight and then detected, identified, amplified, and areas integrated. 2. Scope The procedure for determination of alcohols and volatile fatty acids is only applicable to silages. 3….
1) Apparatus:- Ultraviolet light (UV), glass plates, 4×8, spreader , oven ,micro pipette, beaker ,shaker ,electric balance, water bath, china dish 2) Reagents:- Silica gel (powder form) 254 Gr 60 number, double dish H2O, chloroform, standard solution, 3) Procedure:- Sample preparation:- a) Take 25 gm sample add 20 ml distilled water. b) Mix it and…
1. Principle The sample (feed or feed ingredient) is suspended in distilled water with a clarifying agent. The urea content is determined using a spectrophotometer after addition of 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (4-DMAB). 2. Scope The method is suitable for feeds and forages. Some feeds have added urea as a supplemental source of nitrogen. This method describes determination…
Nutrition plays a critical role in the health, productivity, and overall performance of ruminants. Ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and buffalo, have a unique digestive system that allows them to efficiently process fibrous plant material. Their nutritional needs vary depending on the stage of life, production status, and environmental conditions. Proper nutrition is…
Overfeeding and underfeeding livestock and poultry can have significant impacts on their health, productivity, and overall profitability. The effects on animal performance and the economic importance of these issues are crucial for farmers and producers to understand in order to make informed decisions about nutrition, feeding practices, and resource management. Effect of Overfeeding in Livestock…
Innovations in silage and hay preparation are essential for improving the efficiency and quality of animal feed, ensuring better nutritional value, and enhancing the overall productivity of livestock operations. Here are some innovative approaches in the preparation of silage and hay: 1. Precision Harvesting and Mowing Technology: • Robotic Mowers: The use of autonomous mowers…
Spectrophotometry is a powerful analytical technique used to measure the concentration of mineral elements in biological samples, such as animal feed, tissues, blood, urine, and other fluids. This technique involves the measurement of light absorption at specific wavelengths, which is directly related to the concentration of mineral elements in the sample. Here’s an advanced procedure…
The Flame Photometer (FP) is a specialized analytical instrument used for measuring the concentration of metal ions in animal feed, biological samples, and animal tissues. It is commonly used for detecting alkali and alkaline earth metals such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), which are essential for animal health and nutrition….
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a widely used analytical technique in animal nutrition for separating and identifying compounds present in biological samples, such as feed, food, or animal tissues. The application of TLC in animal nutrition includes: 1. Identification of Nutrients: TLC can be used to separate and identify various nutrients in animal feeds, such…
Vitamins Vitamin A Role of Vitamin A • Synthesis of glycoprotein to maintain integrity of epithelial cells. • In bone formation synthesis of mucopolysaccharides. • Synthesis of the visual pigment Rhodopsin. • Retinol and retinoic acid (RA) are essential for embryonic development during fetal development. Clinical signs • Inadequate retinol available to the retina results…
5. Cobalt Role of Cobalt • Cobalt is required by microorganisms in the rumen for the synthesis of vitamin B12. • Cobalt acts as an activating ion in certain enzyme reactions. Clinical signs • Cobalt deficiency causes vitamin B 12 deficiency in ruminants. • Wasting disease or coast disease or Pining or Enzootic marasmus characterized…
1. Calcium: Role of Calcium: • 99% of the calcium in the body is present in the bones and teeth. • Calcium controls the excitability of nerves and muscles. • Calcium is required for normal clotting of blood. • Calcium is necessary for activation of enzymes like trypsin, adenosine triphosphatase. Clinical signs: • In young…
This system of analysis divides the food into six fractions: moisture, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractives. The moisture content is determined as the loss in weight that results from drying a known weight of food to constant weight at 100 °C.This method is satisfactory for most foods, but with a…
