2025

Theory of Continental Drift: Proposed by: Alfred Wegener (1912)Wegener, a German meteorologist and geophysicist, proposed that continents were once a single landmass that drifted apart over geological time.The Supercontinent – Pangaea. Around 300 million years ago, all landmasses were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea.Pangaea later broke into two major landmasses: Laurasia (North America,…

Palaeogeography is the branch of geology that reconstructs the historical geography of Earth’s surface. It seeks to understand how continents, oceans, mountain ranges, and other geographic features have changed position and form over geological time. By combining data from sedimentology, paleontology, stratigraphy, tectonics, and geochronology, Foundations of Palaeogeography The foundation of palaeogeography lies in the…

Neotropical Realm A. Geographical Boundaries:The Neotropical Realm includes South and Central America, the lower part of Mexico, and the West Indies. It is connected to the Nearctic Realm via the Central American Isthmus, while its other boundaries are defined by surrounding seas. B. Subdivisions:This realm is divided into four sub-regions: C. Climatic Conditions: Most of…

Zoogeography is the branch of biogeography that deals with the distribution of animal species and populations across geographical areas of the Earth. The world is traditionally divided into six major zoogeographical (faunal) regions, each with its unique assemblage of fauna due to historical isolation, climate, and evolutionary factors.  Major Zoogeographical Regions Palaearctic Region Nearctic Region…

Rocks are naturally occurring aggregates of minerals and are classified into three main types based on their formation processes: Igneous Rocks – Formed from the solidification of molten magma or lava. Sedimentary Rocks – Formed from the accumulation and lithification of sediment. Metamorphic Rocks – Formed when existing rocks are altered by heat, pressure, or…