2025
Branched chain amino acids
Isoleucine, leucine and valine are the three branched chain amino acids. Their metabolism is unique, sharing the same catabolism pathway and therefore interfere with each other. Leucine is a strong regulator of the branched chain amino acid catabolism. As a consequence, minimum supply of valine and isoleucine must be ensured in the diet and an…
Essential amino acids-Sulphur containing and aromatic amino acids
The animal itself is capable of synthesising about half of the amino acids. These amino acids are termed non-essential amino acids. However, about 10 amino acids (depending on the species) can not be synthesised by the animal and a source must be supplied in the feed (see Table 3). For this reason they are termed…
Protein quality
Protein is not a nutrient. Animals require amino acids and not protein per se. The quality of protein supply is determined by its potential to cover the physiological requirements in terms of amino acids for maintenance and performance (growth, reproduction, production of milk and eggs). The quality of protein required is different depending on the…
PROTEINS IN AMINO ACIDS’ NUTRITION
Digestion and absorption Amino acids chemically bound in proteins must be separated from the parent protein unit, before they can pass from the lumen of the gut across the intestinal wall (absorption) into the blood. This separation occurs in the lumen of the gut with the help of proteolytic digestive enzymes (proteases). The activity of…
Amino acids Chemical structure
Amino acids are characterised by the two characteristic functional groups in the molecule, as indicated by their nomenclature, by the amino group NH2 and the carboxyl group COOH. Amino acids occur exclusively as structural protein units in which the amino group is bound to the α-position of the carboxylic acid group (carboxyl group). Chemically amino…
STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
Protein 2.1.1. Significance and composition Protein (from the ancient Greek “protos”: the first or the most important) is the most important and quantitatively major component of all organisms and as such is a prerequisite of all life. In feed for animals, proteins cannot be replaced by any other component. Protein containing compounds are found in…
Amino Acids
The need to feed a growing population leads to a trend for highly specialised units where animals of high genetic merit are raised in optimum conditions. Advances in husbandry techniques are also made in response to the needs for rearing high genetic merit livestock. Improvements in feed efficiency which have been gained over the last…
Splitting up into different evolutionary lines
The diversification of insects into different evolutionary lines and their success in occupying diverse environments can be attributed to several key factors. These factors include their evolutionary adaptations, unique biological features, and environmental influences that have allowed them to thrive in nearly every ecosystem on Earth. 1. Splitting into Different Evolutionary Lines: The diversification of…
Determination of Gross Energy
1. Principle Gross energy is measured by combustion of a sample in an excess of oxygen in a bomb calorimeter under standardized conditions. The gross calorific value is calculated from the temperature rise of the water in the calorimeter vessel and the mean effective heat capacity of the calorimeter. 2. Scope This method is applicable…