Animal/Poltry Nutrition

The economics of poultry rations deals with the cost-effective formulation, production, and utilization of poultry feed to ensure optimal bird performance (growth, egg production, feed efficiency) and maximum profitability for producers. Since feed is the largest cost component in poultry

Poultry, like all animals, require a balanced diet that meets their physiological needs for growth, reproduction, maintenance, and production (meat or eggs). The essential nutrients include water, energy (carbohydrates and fats), proteins (amino acids), vitamins, minerals, and enzymes. The optimum

1. Feed Additives Feed additives are substances added to poultry feed to improve its quality, enhance performance, prevent diseases, and improve the efficiency of feed utilization. They include nutritional additives (like vitamins and amino acids) and non-nutritional additives (like antibiotics,

1. Introduction Nutritional and metabolic disorders in ruminants occur when the balance of nutrients, energy, or metabolic processes is disrupted due to poor feeding practices, imbalanced rations, or physiological stresses (e.g., calving, peak lactation). These disorders not only reduce productivity

1. Introduction Feed additives are non-nutritive substances added to ruminant diets in small quantities to improve growth performance, feed efficiency, health, and productivity. These compounds are not required for basic nutrition but modulate digestion, metabolism, immunity, or microbial activity to

1. Introduction Total Mixed Ration (TMR) is a feeding method where all the feed ingredients—forages, concentrates, minerals, vitamins, and feed additives—are thoroughly mixed into a homogenous blend. This mixed ration is fed to dairy or beef cattle to provide complete,