Poultry, like all animals, require a balanced diet that meets their physiological needs for growth, reproduction, maintenance, and production (meat or eggs). The essential nutrients include water, energy (carbohydrates and fats), proteins (amino acids), vitamins, minerals, and enzymes. The optimum levels vary based on species (broiler, layer, breeder), age, production stage, and environmental conditions. 1….

1. Feed Additives Feed additives are substances added to poultry feed to improve its quality, enhance performance, prevent diseases, and improve the efficiency of feed utilization. They include nutritional additives (like vitamins and amino acids) and non-nutritional additives (like antibiotics, enzymes, and antioxidants). 2. Antibiotics Antibiotics are used in poultry to: Concerns: 3. Coccidiostats Coccidiostats…

1. Introduction Nutritional and metabolic disorders in ruminants occur when the balance of nutrients, energy, or metabolic processes is disrupted due to poor feeding practices, imbalanced rations, or physiological stresses (e.g., calving, peak lactation). These disorders not only reduce productivity (milk, meat, reproduction) but also lead to health complications and economic losses. 2. Common Nutritional…

1. Introduction Feed additives are non-nutritive substances added to ruminant diets in small quantities to improve growth performance, feed efficiency, health, and productivity. These compounds are not required for basic nutrition but modulate digestion, metabolism, immunity, or microbial activity to achieve specific production goals. With increasing demand for efficient, safe, and sustainable livestock production, feed…

1. Introduction Total Mixed Ration (TMR) is a feeding method where all the feed ingredients—forages, concentrates, minerals, vitamins, and feed additives—are thoroughly mixed into a homogenous blend. This mixed ration is fed to dairy or beef cattle to provide complete, balanced nutrition in every bite. TMR is increasingly used in commercial livestock production systems due…

1. Introduction Feeding systems in commercial dairy farms are structured approaches used to deliver balanced rations to dairy animals efficiently and consistently. The choice of feeding system significantly influences: With increasing herd sizes and market demand, modern dairy farms must adopt scientific and cost-effective feeding strategies that maximize productivity while minimizing waste and labor. 2….

1. Introduction to Ruminant Nutrition Ruminants (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats) possess a unique four-compartment stomach that allows them to utilize fibrous plant material through microbial fermentation. Each life stage of a ruminant has specific nutritional requirements that must be met to optimize: A well-designed nutrition program tailored to each phase supports long-term animal productivity and…

1. Introduction Forage conservation is the process of harvesting and preserving forage crops to ensure their availability and nutritional quality during periods when fresh forage is scarce or unavailable. In commercial livestock operations, consistent and high-quality feed supply is essential for: Forage conservation plays a vital role in buffering seasonal feed shortages and stabilizing livestock…

1. Introduction Low-quality roughages such as crop residues (e.g., wheat straw, rice straw, maize stover, and sugarcane tops) and mature grasses are widely available and form the bulk of livestock feed in many developing countries. However, they have: As a result, animals consuming only these feeds often show poor growth, low milk production, and reduced…

1. Introduction Forage is the cornerstone of feeding systems for ruminants in most parts of the world, particularly in regions like South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. However, forage availability is not constant throughout the year. The periods when forage availability is critically low, affecting animal health and productivity, are termed lean periods or forage deficit…

Introduction Bio-assaying is a biological testing technique used to quantify the potency or bioavailability of nutrients in feeds by observing their physiological effects on living organisms—typically poultry birds in animal nutrition studies. It helps in determining how much of a nutrient in a feedstuff is biologically active, absorbable, and usable by the bird, especially when…

Introduction Digestibility trials are essential tools in animal nutrition for evaluating how efficiently animals utilize nutrients from feed. The digestibility coefficient reflects the proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, influencing both feed formulation and animal performance. Two widely used approaches in digestibility trials are: 1. Total Collection Method Principle This…

Introduction The in situ (in sacco) technique is widely used in ruminant nutrition research to determine the degradability of fiber and protein in feedstuffs. This method provides an effective and biologically relevant means to measure how feed components are broken down in the rumen—the primary site of microbial fermentation in ruminants. Principle of In Situ…