The required nutrients must be available in the quantity of DM an animal is able to consume within 24 hours. If not, a ration is not considered balanced. In practice, the maximum DMI from roughage is not more than 2% of the body-weight. .Minimum Roughage Intake To avoid disturbances in functioning of the rumen, metabolic…
The purpose of ration formulation is to provide an animal of nutrients for maintenance and (desired) production. A balanced ration formulates proportions and quantities of nutrients to properly nourish an animal for 24 hours. The economic context is an extra dimension. Decision making is necessary to aim for maximum economic benefit, maximum physical production, or…
Introduction It is difficult to compare different animals, and animals of different ages, with each other with regard to feeding and grazing. To make comparison possible, different types of livestock are converted to the same unit. The feed intake capacity (DMI) depends on live weight, production level and quality of feed. The quantity is expressed…
Nutritional needs vary depending on the needs of the animal for health and the life stages of maintenance, conception and gestation, lactation, and growth and de- development. When a female is in the gestational period, for example, nutritional needs are different than during lactation. Figure 3.1 demonstrates how the nutrient re- requirements of a mature…
1. Digestive System Mouth and Pharynx: Food is ingested through the mouth and passes through the pharynx. Midgut: The primary site of digestion and nutrient absorption. Many arachnids rely on external digestion, where enzymes are secreted onto prey to liquefy it before ingestion. Hindgut: Responsible for the absorption of remaining nutrients and the excretion of…
The anatomy of arachnids is fascinating, characterized by a range of adaptations that have enabled them to thrive in diverse environments. Below, you’ll find a detailed overview of both the external and internal anatomy of arachnids. External Anatomy of Arachnida 1. Body Structure Segmentation: Prosoma (Cephalothorax): The anterior part, which combines the head and thorax….
These are different concepts related to the definition and understanding of species in the field of biology and taxonomy. Let me explain each concept briefly: 1. Typological Species Concept (Historical): The typological concept of species is an older and more traditional way of defining species. It is based on the idea that species are defined…
In biological classification, organisms are categorized in a hierarchical system of taxonomic ranks, ranging from broad groups to more specific ones. These ranks help in organizing and classifying the vast diversity of life on Earth. Here’s an explanation of taxonomic categories, infraspecific categories, and higher categories: 1. Taxonomic Categories (Hierarchical Classification) The taxonomic hierarchy is…
1. Microtaxonomy • Definition: Microtaxonomy is the branch of taxonomy that deals with the detailed study and classification of species and their subspecies. It focuses on the fine-scale differences within a species to distinguish closely related organisms. • Purpose: The main goal of micro taxonomy is to understand and classify the variation that exists at…
Colors of Insect Cuticular Outgrowths: The colors of cuticular outgrowths (such as hairs, bristles, spines, and scales) on insects are the result of both structural coloration and pigmentation. These features serve various roles, including camouflage, warning signals, mate attraction, and temperature regulation. Structural Coloration: Structural coloration arises from the microscopic structure of the cuticle, which…
The basement membrane is a thin, dense layer of extracellular matrix that lies between the epidermal cells and the underlying tissues of arachnids, as well as in other animals. It serves as a structural and functional interface that plays a critical role in supporting the epidermal layer and maintaining the integrity of the exoskeleton. Structure…
The cuticle and epidermal layer of arachnids play crucial roles in providing protection, support, and enabling interaction with the environment. Let’s explore the detailed structure of the cuticle, its biochemical properties, and the epidermal layer’s structure and function. 1. Cuticle Structure and Biochemistry: The cuticle is the outermost layer of an arachnid’s body, forming a…
Arachnids, like all arthropods, have a body structure characterized by a segmented body with a hard exoskeleton. They undergo a process called tagmatization, where their body segments are organized into distinct regions called tagmata. Here’s a breakdown of their anatomy in terms of hard parts, segmentation, tagmatosis, and organization: 1. Hard Parts (Exoskeleton) Exoskeleton Composition:…
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms on Earth, with millions of species adapted to virtually every terrestrial and aquatic habitat. The reasons for their success in diverse environments include: 1. Exoskeleton (Cuticle) Protection: Insects have a hard, chitinous exoskeleton that provides protection against physical damage, dehydration, and predators. Support and Versatility: The exoskeleton…
The classification of animal and poultry feeds is typically based on various factors such as the type of animal or poultry being fed, the nutritional content, and the purpose for which the feed is formulated. Below is a general classification of animal and poultry feeds: 1. Based on Animal Type • Cattle Feed: Feeds specifically…
