Animals/Poultry Nutrition

Cell factories Introduction Feed enzymes, like other industrial enzymes, are currently produced on a large scale mostly in submerged or deep-tank bioreactors. The production hosts are microbial, either bacterial such as Bacillus spp. (B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens or B. licheniformis) or fi lamentous fungi, for example A. niger, A. oryzae, H. insolens and T. reesei….

All animals use enzymes to digest feed. These are either produced by the animal itself, or by the microbes naturally present in the gut. However, the animal’s digestive process is not 100% effi cient. Pigs and poultry cannot digest 15–25% of the feed they eat, because the feed ingredients contain indigestible anti-nutritional factors that interfere…

The salivary glands of insects like the cockroach, red cotton bug, and honeybee play vital roles in feeding, digestion, and, in some cases, communication or defense. Here’s a comparison of their salivary glands: 1. Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Structure: • The salivary glands are bilateral structures located in the thorax near the head. • Each gland…

Young Stock Generally, the pre-weaning period is the most critical time of an animals’ life, usually expensive due to the high costs of milk and high quality concentrates. Calves require a lot of attention during this period. After weaning, rearing gets less critical, but calves should to no account be neglected. To allow animals to…

To make comparison possible, animals are converted to the same unit. This is called Livestock Unit (LU). One LU denotes the feed requirement of a standard animal of a certain live weight (usually 550 kg). With LU it is possible to compare feed needs for sheep, goats, calves and other animals with those of dairy…

Introduction. It is difficult to compare different animals, and animals of different ages, with each other with regard to feeding and grazing. To make comparison possible, different types of livestock are converted to the same unit. The feed intake capacity (DMI) depends on live weight, production level and quality of feed. The quantity is expressed…

From a nutritional point of view, the lactation cycle is divided into 3 periods: 1 Dry period 2 Early lactation 3 Mid- and late lactation. With a calving interval of about one year, the first 3 months after calving the cow is not pregnant and has a “peak” production. Then, after 90 days, she should…

Generally, the pre-weaning period is the most critical time of an animals’ life, usually expensive due to the high costs of milk and high quality concentrates. Calves require a lot of attention during this period. After weaning, rearing gets less critical, but calves should to no account be neglected. To allow animals to produce to…

Introduction; The impression might be given that feeding should be adjusted according to daily requirements for maintenance and production . However, a cow does not divide nutrients on daily basis for maintenance and production as used in the ration formulation. Her production is much more a reflection of the overall feeding management during her whole…

The required nutrients must be available in the quantity of DM an animal is able to consume within 24 hours. If not, a ration is not considered balanced. In practice, the maximum DMI from roughage is not more than 2% of the body-weight. .Minimum Roughage Intake To avoid disturbances in functioning of the rumen, metabolic…