Animals/Poultry Nutrition

The purpose of ration formulation is to provide an animal of nutrients for maintenance and (desired) production. A balanced ration formulates proportions and quantities of nutrients to properly nourish an animal for 24 hours. The economic context is an extra dimension. Decision making is necessary to aim for maximum economic benefit, maximum physical production, or…

Introduction It is difficult to compare different animals, and animals of different ages, with each other with regard to feeding and grazing. To make comparison possible, different types of livestock are converted to the same unit. The feed intake capacity (DMI) depends on live weight, production level and quality of feed. The quantity is expressed…

Nutritional needs vary depending on the needs of the animal for health and the life stages of maintenance, conception and gestation, lactation, and growth and de- development. When a female is in the gestational period, for example, nutritional needs are different than during lactation. Figure 3.1 demonstrates how the nutrient re- requirements of a mature…

The classification of animal and poultry feeds is typically based on various factors such as the type of animal or poultry being fed, the nutritional content, and the purpose for which the feed is formulated. Below is a general classification of animal and poultry feeds: 1. Based on Animal Type • Cattle Feed: Feeds specifically…

Introduction Concentrates (also mixed feeds, compound feeds or concentrate mixtures) play an important role in modern dairy cattle feeding. Usually, as a basis of most dairy production systems, concentrates are used as a supplement to roughage. Although a specific ingredient can be called concentrate, practically it is a mixture of several ingredients mixed in a…

Introduction Various classification systems are employed to differentiate feedstuffs, each according to a certain purpose. Classification of feedstuffs divided by origin into three categories: 1. Plant origin Roughage and concentrates 2. Animal origin All products have a high energy content and often a high protein content They are considered concentrates, except for poultry manure, as…

Nutrient density (digestibility) and structure value of a food are both related with CF (cell- wall) content. The higher the cell-wall content, the lower the nutrient density and the higher the structure value of a food. Nutrient density of a food is defined as its energy content per kg DM. Digestibility of a food is…

The value of protein is usually expressed as crude protein (CP) or digestible crude protein (DCP). The DCP and/or CP values are indicated: Sometimes as  %/gram CP/DCP per kg food on a wet/fresh basis, or sometimes as  the same values on a DM basis! Care should be taken! In this paper calculations will…

Introduction Expression of values are used to show the nutrient requirements and nutrient values in feedstuffs. The total value of a feedstuff in practical nutrition depends on the following factors: 1. Energy content  carbohydrates, fats, proteins & digestibility 2. Protein content  including NPN and aspects of degradability 3. Nutrient density (digestibility) and structure…

Introduction Cows are ruminants, as are goats, buffaloes, giraffes, camels and antelopes. Ruminants have the ability to digest large amounts of roughage containing high amounts of (crude) fibre and cell wall materials (cellulose, lignin). Their alimentary tract is specially adapted, and they have the following main characteristics: Absence of front teeth (incisors) in upper jaw,…