Dairy Animals Nutrition
Proper feeding strategies must balance energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins to meet the specific needs of lactating, dry, and growing animals. Nutritional management directly influences milk yield, reproductive efficiency, and disease resistance.
Synopsis and thesis writing: Formats and contents; Recording experimental data and its subsequent analysis using appropriate statistical software; Publishing of research results
Producing a successful research thesis or dissertation involves several critical stages—from writing a synopsis and recording data, to analyzing results and finally publishing findings. Each stage must be approached with precision, clarity, and adherence to academic standards. 1. Synopsis and Thesis Writing: Formats and Contents a. Synopsis Writing A synopsis is a concise summary of…
Evaluation and economic appraisal of research proposals
The evaluation and economic appraisal of research proposals are essential processes that help funding agencies, academic institutions, and policymakers determine the scientific merit, feasibility, and value for money of proposed research. These assessments ensure that limited resources are allocated to projects that offer the greatest potential impact, both in terms of knowledge generation and practical…
The art of critiquing research
The Art of Critiquing Research Critiquing research is a fundamental skill in academic and professional circles, playing a pivotal role in the advancement of knowledge, improvement of scientific practices, and assurance of quality in published work. It involves a structured and analytical assessment of research studies, where the aim is not merely to find faults…
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM of Chicken (Digestion and Metabolism)
MouthThe chicken has no lips, soft palate, cheeks, or teeth, but rather has ahorny upper and lower mandible (beak) which it uses to pick up food. Theupper mandible is firmly attached to the skull while the lower mandible ishinged. The hard palate is divided by a long narrow slit in the center thatis open to…
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS IN DAIRY CATTLE- NUTRIENT CATEGORIES
Nutrients can be categorized in 5 areas:1.Water (not an actual nutrient)2.Dry matter (containing the nutrients, expressed as DM)3.Energy (Nett Energy, expressed as FUM)4.Protein (we will use digestible crude protein, expressed as DCP)5.Minerals and vitamins Water:Although water is not considered as a real nutrient, it plays a vital role in the functioning of the body, milk…
ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF FOODS
Originally, the most extensive information about the composition of foods was based on a system of analysis described as the proximate analysis of foods, which was devised over 100 years ago by two German scientists, Henneberg and Stohmann. More recently, new analytical techniques have been introduced, and the information about food composition is rapidly expanding…
FORMULATION OF RATIONS,REQUIRED MINERALS and VITAMINS
1. Formulation of Rations Ration formulation is the process of combining feed ingredients to supply animals with all required nutrients for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and production (milk, eggs, meat). Principles of Ration Formulation: Must be balanced: includes energy, protein, fiber, minerals, vitamins. Should be economical, using locally available feed resources. Formulated based on the…
Water/ Dry Matter And Its Components in feed
The water content of the animal body varies with age. The newborn animal contains 750–800 g/kg water but this falls to about 500 g/kg in the mature fat animal. It is vital to the life of the organism that the water content of the body be maintained: an animal will die more rapidly if deprived…
MANUFACTURE AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids are either produced by fermentation or chemical synthesis. The products produced by chemical synthesis are produced as racemic mixtures, the D- and L- form of the amino acids. Today in commercial practice all amino acids except sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine) sources are produced by fermentation. This is due to the fact that fermentation…
AMINO ACIDS RESPONSES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment of amino acid requirement is an ongoing topic with overwhelming importance for the livestock industry. Dietary supply of nutrients like amino acids to meet animals` requirements directly impacts on the economic bottom line of operations. It is well known that imbalances in dietary amino acids profiles result in reduced growth rate and feed…
Cereal grains and cereal by-products (Concentrate )
A concentrate is usually described as a feed or feed mixture which supplies primary nutrients (protein, carbohydrate and fat) at higher level but contains less than 18% crude fibre (CF) with low moisture. In general, concentrates are feeds that are high in nitrogen free extract (NFE) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) and low in crude…
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF FEEDSTUFFS
Different raw materials are characterised by their amino acid composition. In addition within a specific type of raw material but between different samples, differences in amino acid composition may occur as a result of cultivation and geographic influences. Therefore when mean tabular values of amino acid composition are used, consideration must be given to the…
NIR Spectroscopy
The Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) Spectroscopy technique can be used for fast evaluation of the nutritional content of feedstuffs. This method requires a sufficiently large number of chemically verified analytical values for instrument calibration. The population of samples used for calibration has to be representative in terms of type and composition of the type of…
ANALYSES OF AMINO ACIDS
The nitrogen content of different proteins is relatively constant and varies only slightly from an average value of 16%. The level of protein in a feedstuff is usually measured by determining the nitrogen content according to the conventional Kjeldahl or Dumas method; the protein level of the feed can then be estimated by multiplying the…
ECONOMICS OF USING AMINO ACIDS
5.1 Feed specification A nutritionist must define a certain nutrient level of the feed he wants to produce. By reviewing recommendations from different sources, research reports in the scientific literature, and the perspectives gained by personal experience they can establish reasonable nutrient levels for feeds. These nutrient levels can be strongly influenced by production goals….