Dairy Animals Nutrition
Proper feeding strategies must balance energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins to meet the specific needs of lactating, dry, and growing animals. Nutritional management directly influences milk yield, reproductive efficiency, and disease resistance.
Amino acids Chemical structure
Amino acids are characterised by the two characteristic functional groups in the molecule, as indicated by their nomenclature, by the amino group NH2 and the carboxyl group COOH. Amino acids occur exclusively as structural protein units in which the amino group is bound to the α-position of the carboxylic acid group (carboxyl group). Chemically amino…
STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
Protein 2.1.1. Significance and composition Protein (from the ancient Greek “protos”: the first or the most important) is the most important and quantitatively major component of all organisms and as such is a prerequisite of all life. In feed for animals, proteins cannot be replaced by any other component. Protein containing compounds are found in…
Amino Acids
The need to feed a growing population leads to a trend for highly specialised units where animals of high genetic merit are raised in optimum conditions. Advances in husbandry techniques are also made in response to the needs for rearing high genetic merit livestock. Improvements in feed efficiency which have been gained over the last…
Splitting up into different evolutionary lines
The diversification of insects into different evolutionary lines and their success in occupying diverse environments can be attributed to several key factors. These factors include their evolutionary adaptations, unique biological features, and environmental influences that have allowed them to thrive in nearly every ecosystem on Earth. 1. Splitting into Different Evolutionary Lines: The diversification of…
Determination of Gross Energy
1. Principle Gross energy is measured by combustion of a sample in an excess of oxygen in a bomb calorimeter under standardized conditions. The gross calorific value is calculated from the temperature rise of the water in the calorimeter vessel and the mean effective heat capacity of the calorimeter. 2. Scope This method is applicable…
Determination of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA ) in Silage – Gas Chromatography
1. Principle A water extract from silage is acidified and centrifuged. The alcohols and volatile fatty acids (VFA) are separated in the chromatography column depending on their molecular weight and then detected, identified, amplified, and areas integrated. 2. Scope The procedure for determination of alcohols and volatile fatty acids is only applicable to silages. 3….
Thin Layer Chromatography Procedure
1) Apparatus:- Ultraviolet light (UV), glass plates, 4×8, spreader , oven ,micro pipette, beaker ,shaker ,electric balance, water bath, china dish 2) Reagents:- Silica gel (powder form) 254 Gr 60 number, double dish H2O, chloroform, standard solution, 3) Procedure:- Sample preparation:- a) Take 25 gm sample add 20 ml distilled water. b) Mix it and…
Urea – Spectrophotometric Method
1. Principle The sample (feed or feed ingredient) is suspended in distilled water with a clarifying agent. The urea content is determined using a spectrophotometer after addition of 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (4-DMAB). 2. Scope The method is suitable for feeds and forages. Some feeds have added urea as a supplemental source of nitrogen. This method describes determination…
Nutrition for body maintenance; growth, production and reproduction in ruminants
Nutrition plays a critical role in the health, productivity, and overall performance of ruminants. Ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and buffalo, have a unique digestive system that allows them to efficiently process fibrous plant material. Their nutritional needs vary depending on the stage of life, production status, and environmental conditions. Proper nutrition is…
Effect of over and underfeeding in livestock and poultry and its economic importance
Overfeeding and underfeeding livestock and poultry can have significant impacts on their health, productivity, and overall profitability. The effects on animal performance and the economic importance of these issues are crucial for farmers and producers to understand in order to make informed decisions about nutrition, feeding practices, and resource management. Effect of Overfeeding in Livestock…
Innovative in silage and hay preparation
Innovations in silage and hay preparation are essential for improving the efficiency and quality of animal feed, ensuring better nutritional value, and enhancing the overall productivity of livestock operations. Here are some innovative approaches in the preparation of silage and hay: 1. Precision Harvesting and Mowing Technology: • Robotic Mowers: The use of autonomous mowers…
Use of spectrophotometer for analysis of minerals elements
Spectrophotometry is a powerful analytical technique used to measure the concentration of mineral elements in biological samples, such as animal feed, tissues, blood, urine, and other fluids. This technique involves the measurement of light absorption at specific wavelengths, which is directly related to the concentration of mineral elements in the sample. Here’s an advanced procedure…
Use of Flame Photometer in Animal Nutrition
The Flame Photometer (FP) is a specialized analytical instrument used for measuring the concentration of metal ions in animal feed, biological samples, and animal tissues. It is commonly used for detecting alkali and alkaline earth metals such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), which are essential for animal health and nutrition….
Use of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)TLC Technique in Animal Nutrition
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a widely used analytical technique in animal nutrition for separating and identifying compounds present in biological samples, such as feed, food, or animal tissues. The application of TLC in animal nutrition includes: 1. Identification of Nutrients: TLC can be used to separate and identify various nutrients in animal feeds, such…
Vitamins: Role, clinical Sign and requirement
Vitamins Vitamin A Role of Vitamin A • Synthesis of glycoprotein to maintain integrity of epithelial cells. • In bone formation synthesis of mucopolysaccharides. • Synthesis of the visual pigment Rhodopsin. • Retinol and retinoic acid (RA) are essential for embryonic development during fetal development. Clinical signs • Inadequate retinol available to the retina results…