Zoology

Palaeogeography is the branch of geology that reconstructs the historical geography of Earth’s surface. It seeks to understand how continents, oceans, mountain ranges, and other geographic features have changed position and form over geological time. By combining data from sedimentology,

Neotropical Realm A. Geographical Boundaries:The Neotropical Realm includes South and Central America, the lower part of Mexico, and the West Indies. It is connected to the Nearctic Realm via the Central American Isthmus, while its other boundaries are defined by

Vertebrate paleontology involves the study of fossilized bones, teeth, and traces of animals with backbones. Fossils of large mammals such as horses, elephants, camels, and bovids (cattle-like animals) are key to understanding evolutionary processes, climatic shifts, and faunal dispersal across

Invertebrate fossils form a substantial part of the fossil record and are key indicators in the fields of paleontology, biostratigraphy, and evolutionary biology. These organisms, lacking vertebral columns, often had hard shells or exoskeletons which fossilized well. Their abundance and