Biodiversity, which encompasses genes, species, and ecosystems, provides society with a diverse range of goods and services that are essential for human well-being. These components

Seawater intrusion (SI) is an ecological problem caused by the encroachment and infiltration of salt water (typically brackish water or seawater) into freshwater surface and

An invasive species is any nonnative organism that significantly alters or disrupts the ecosystems it colonizes. While some species migrate naturally, human activities such as

Over the past 50 years, the natural world has undergone unprecedented change, leading to devastating consequences. Today, nearly one million species face extinction, threatening essential

Biodiversity, the variety of life across genes, species, and ecosystems, is crucial for ecosystem stability and human well-being. Unfortunately, biodiversity is depleting at an alarming

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including all species of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems they form.

Systematics: The term “systematics” is derived from the word “systema,” meaning the systematic arrangement of organisms. It considers the evolutionary relationships among organisms. Plant systematics,

Taxonomy, the science of classifying organisms, has evolved over centuries from simple groupings based on observable traits to complex systems incorporating evolutionary relationships and molecular