Hormonal control of metabolism of nutrients in poultry

In poultry, as in other animals, hormonal control plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, including the metabolism of nutrients. Several hormones are involved in this process, each with specific functions:

Insulin: Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by cells for energy production and storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles. In poultry, insulin helps regulate glucose metabolism, ensuring that cells have adequate energy for metabolic processes.

Glucagon: Glucagon, also secreted by the pancreas, has the opposite effect of insulin. It is released in response to low blood glucose levels and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream to raise blood glucose levels. Glucagon helps maintain glucose homeostasis in poultry by increasing blood glucose levels when they drop too low.

Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4): Thyroid hormones play a critical role in regulating metabolism by influencing the rate of cellular metabolism. They increase the basal metabolic rate and promote the breakdown of nutrients for energy production. In poultry, thyroid hormones help regulate overall metabolic activity, affecting processes such as growth, development, and egg production.

Corticosterone: Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is involved in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Corticosterone can influence nutrient metabolism by promoting the breakdown of stored fats and proteins to provide energy during times of stress or fasting in poultry.

Growth Hormone: Growth hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates growth and regulates metabolism in poultry. It promotes protein synthesis and growth of skeletal muscle and other tissues. Growth hormone also affects nutrient metabolism by influencing the uptake and utilization of amino acids for protein synthesis.

Leptin: Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue (fat cells) and plays a role in regulating energy balance and appetite. It helps to regulate food intake and energy expenditure by signaling satiety to the brain. In poultry, leptin may influence nutrient metabolism by affecting feed intake and energy utilization.

These hormones work together to regulate the metabolism of nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in poultry, ensuring that they have the energy and resources needed for growth, development, and production. Proper management of nutrition and environmental conditions is essential for optimizing the hormonal regulation of metabolism in poultry production.